New Delhi District, the capital of India, is a vibrant city that serves as the political, cultural, and administrative hub of the country. Located in the northern part of India, New Delhi is not just the seat of the government but also a major center for commerce, history, and international diplomacy. Let’s explore the fascinating history, geography, climate, and more that make New Delhi a remarkable city.
The Birth of New Delhi District
New Delhi’s story begins during the British colonial period. Until 1911, Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of British India. However, due to political unrest and rising nationalist sentiments, the British decided to shift the capital to Delhi. The announcement was made by King George V during the Delhi Durbar in 1911. This marked the beginning of New Delhi’s transformation into the administrative center of the British Raj.
The new capital was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who laid out a plan for the city with grandeur in mind. The city’s foundation stone was laid by King George V in 1912, and construction continued after World War I. New Delhi was officially inaugurated in 1931 by the British Viceroy, Lord Irwin.
Historical Significance of New Delhi
New Delhi’s history is deeply intertwined with the political landscape of India. Before it became the capital, Old Delhi was the center of several empires, most notably the Mughal Empire. The city was home to powerful rulers and magnificent architecture, including the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and other grand structures.
However, the shift of the capital from Calcutta to New Delhi was a significant moment in India’s colonial history. It was not just a practical move; it symbolised the power and imperial ambitions of the British Empire. The central administrative area of New Delhi, now known as “Lutyens’ Delhi,” still reflects these aspirations through its impressive colonial-era buildings like the Rashtrapati Bhavan and Parliament House.
Historic Sites, Museums, and Gardens in New Delhi District
New Delhi is rich in historic landmarks and museums. The National Museum holds over 200,000 works of art from both India and abroad, tracing over 5,000 years of history. The India Gate, completed in 1931, honours the 90,000 Indian soldiers who perished in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Rajpath, modeled after the Champs-Élysées in Paris, serves as the ceremonial boulevard for India’s Republic Day Parade.
Prominent Landmarks and Museums
Rajghat, where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated after his assassination in 1948, is a significant landmark, along with Gandhi Smriti, the site where he spent his last days. The Jantar Mantar observatory, built by Maharaja Jai Singh II, is also located in New Delhi and consists of astronomical instruments used for tracking the movement of celestial bodies.
Other cultural institutions include the Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, and Nehru Planetarium. The city is also home to a number of beautiful gardens, such as Lodi Gardens, Buddha Jayanti Park, and the gardens around Rajpath and India Gate, which are especially picturesque in spring.
New Delhi District Demographics
As of the most recent census, New Delhi has a population of over 21 million people (2011 census), making it the second-most populous city in India. The population is highly diverse, with people from different regions, ethnic groups, and cultures residing in the city.
- Language: The predominant language spoken in New Delhi is Hindi, followed by English, which is widely used for official and business purposes. Other languages spoken include Punjabi, Urdu, and Bengali.
- Religion: The majority of the population is Hindu (around 80%), followed by Muslim (around 12%), Christian, Sikh, and others.
- Urbanisation: New Delhi has one of the highest urbanisation rates in the country, with a large number of migrants from rural areas seeking better economic opportunities.
- Sex Ratio: The sex ratio in New Delhi stands at approximately 866 females per 1,000 males, which is slightly below the national average. However, efforts are being made to improve the situation with education and awareness programs.
- Literacy Rate: New Delhi boasts a high literacy rate, with an estimated 86% literacy among residents, one of the highest in India.
New Delhi District Post-Independence
When India gained independence in 1947, New Delhi continued to serve as the capital. However, the city underwent significant changes as it became the center of the newly formed Republic of India. The British left behind a legacy of buildings, but India’s new leadership sought to make the city its own.
In 1956, the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi was formed, and New Delhi became part of this larger administrative region. Over the years, New Delhi’s infrastructure grew rapidly, with new government buildings, cultural centers, and residential areas.
New Delhi’s Geography and Landscape
New Delhi is located in the north-central part of India, situated on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The city’s landscape is predominantly flat, with the Delhi Ridge providing a natural backdrop. The Yamuna River runs through the city, adding to the region’s geographical importance.
New Delhi lies in seismic Zone IV, which makes it vulnerable to earthquakes. Though earthquakes in the region are often mild, the city has experienced a few notable tremors in recent decades.
Climate of New Delhi District
New Delhi experiences a dry-winter humid subtropical climate, which means the city faces extreme temperature variations between summer and winter. Summers in New Delhi can be blisteringly hot, with temperatures often soaring above 45°C (113°F). The heat is accompanied by dust storms, making the summer months uncomfortable.
The monsoon season, which occurs from June to September, brings relief from the intense heat. However, the city still faces humidity and occasional waterlogging during heavy rainfall.
Winter in New Delhi is relatively mild, with temperatures dropping to around 10°C (50°F). January is usually the coldest month, and at times, the city experiences dense fog that reduces visibility. Overall, New Delhi’s weather is marked by sharp seasonal contrasts.
Air Pollution and Environmental Concerns
One of the major challenges faced by New Delhi is its poor air quality. The city has been ranked among the most polluted cities in the world for several years. Factors such as vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and crop burning in nearby states contribute to the pollution levels. During winter, the air quality deteriorates significantly due to low winds and increased heating needs.
In recent years, the government has taken steps to combat air pollution. Initiatives like the odd-even vehicle scheme and restrictions on diesel vehicles have been implemented to reduce traffic-related pollution. However, air quality remains a major concern for residents and authorities.
New Delhi District Economy
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India, with a net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1,595 billion (US$19 billion) in nominal terms and approximately ₹6,800 billion (US$80 billion) in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. As of 2013, Delhi had a per capita income of ₹230,000, the second highest in India after Goa. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for Delhi in 2012–13 was estimated at ₹3.88 trillion, marking an increase from ₹3.11 trillion in 2011–12.
Key Commercial Hubs
Connaught Place, one of North India’s largest commercial and financial centres, is situated in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjacent areas such as Barakhamba Road and ITO are also significant commercial hubs. The government and quasi-government sector have traditionally been the primary employers in New Delhi, but the service sector has grown considerably. The large, skilled English-speaking workforce has attracted multinational companies, contributing to the growth of industries such as information technology, telecommunications, banking, media, and tourism.
Economic Ranking and Development
In 2011, the World Wealth Report ranked economic activity in New Delhi at 39, while overall, the capital was ranked 37th, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi, along with Beijing, shares the top position as the most targeted emerging market retail destination in the Asia-Pacific region.
Although the government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release specific economic figures for New Delhi, it publishes annual reports for the entire region. The metropolis had a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of ₹830.85 billion for 2004–05. The per capita income reached ₹116,886 in 2008–09 and increased by 16.2% to ₹135,814 in 2009–10. New Delhi’s per capita GDP (PPP) stood at $6,860 in 2009–10, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi’s gross SDP, with the secondary and primary sectors contributing 20.2% and 1.4%, respectively.
New Delhi District Culture
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city, shaped by a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence due to its political importance as the capital of India. National events like Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti are celebrated with fervor. On Independence Day (15 August), the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort, and kite flying has become a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade on 26 January showcases India’s cultural diversity and military strength.
Religious and Cultural Festivals
Delhi celebrates numerous religious festivals, including Diwali, Maha Shivaratri, Durga Puja, Chhath Puja, Holi, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, and Christmas. The Qutub Festival, with performances from musicians and dancers across India, and events like the Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival, and Vasant Panchami (Spring Festival) are notable cultural celebrations.
In 2007, the Nipponzan Myohoji Buddhist organisation built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi, inaugurated by the Dalai Lama, as a symbol of harmony.
Cityscape
Much of New Delhi’s layout was planned by British architect Edwin Lutyens in the early 20th century to serve as the central administrative hub of the British Raj. The city is centered around two main promenades: Rajpath (King’s Way) and Janpath (Path of the People), with the latter intersecting the former at a right angle. The area around Shantipath houses 19 foreign embassies, forming the largest diplomatic enclave in India.
Iconic Buildings and Landmarks
At the heart of New Delhi is Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India, located atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is situated along Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to Rajpath. Connaught Place, a large circular commercial area, is modeled after the Royal Crescent in England and serves as a major commercial hub.
Architecture
The architectural design of New Delhi blends British Classical/Palladian elements with indigenous Indian features. The city was constructed as a symbol of British imperial power, with many buildings influenced by European styles, while also incorporating aspects of Hindu and Islamic architecture. It took around 20 years to complete the city, with key figures such as Viceroy Hardinge and historian E.B. Havell pushing for the inclusion of indigenous design elements.
In 2019, the Government of India announced the Central Vista redevelopment project, aiming to redevelop over 440 hectares (1,100 acres) of the city. This project is set to cost ₹20,000 crore (approximately $2.8 billion USD), further shaping the future landscape of New Delhi.
Transport in New Delhi
New Delhi has a robust and diverse transport system that caters to the needs of its growing population. The city’s transport infrastructure includes air, road, and rail networks, making it one of the most well-connected cities in India.
Air Transport
New Delhi/New Delhi District is served by Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA), located in the southwest of the city, which is the main gateway for both domestic and international air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport handled more than 35 million passengers, ranking it among the busiest airports in South Asia. The airport’s Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.1 billion) to build between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.
In addition to IGIA, the Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928, was once based at Safdarjung Airport, which began operations in 1929 as the city’s first airport. The airport was closed for flying activities in 2002 due to security concerns, but the Flying Club still operates aircraft maintenance courses and VIP helicopter services, including those for the President and Prime Minister.
IGIA has received numerous accolades, including being ranked the Best Airport in the world in the 25–40 million passenger category in 2015 by Airports Council International. The airport also won awards for Best Airport Staff and Best Airport in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.
A second airport, Noida International Airport, is currently under construction in Jewar, further expanding New Delhi’s air transport infrastructure.
New Delhi District Road Transport
New Delhi/New Delhi District is home to one of the largest and most extensive bus systems in India, operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which boasts the world’s largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses. Personal vehicles, especially cars, make up a significant portion of the traffic in New Delhi, with the city having the highest number of registered cars among all metropolitan cities in India. Taxis and auto rickshaws also contribute to the busy roads. Despite the large number of vehicles, New Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India, although the average vehicle speed is around 15–20 km/h (9.3–12.4 mph) during peak hours.
Several key roads and expressways are vital to the city’s transportation network:
- Inner Ring Road: A crucial 51 km (32 mi) circular road connecting major areas in New Delhi. This road is mostly signal-free thanks to multiple grade separators and flyovers.
- Outer Ring Road: Another major road that links more distant areas of the city.
- Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway): An eight-laned, access-controlled expressway that connects New Delhi with Noida, an important satellite city in Uttar Pradesh.
- Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway: A 28 km (17 mi) expressway that links New Delhi to Gurgaon, a key satellite city in Haryana.
- Delhi-Faridabad Skyway: An access-controlled tolled expressway connecting New Delhi with Faridabad, an important satellite city in Haryana.
National Highways
New Delhi District is well-connected to the rest of India through a series of National Highways that facilitate long-distance travel:
- National Highway 19 (NH 19): Also known as the Delhi-Kolkata Road, this highway is one of the busiest in India, passing through Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
- राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 44 (National Highway 44) (NH 44): Running from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, NH 44 passes through Delhi and is the longest National Highway in India.
- National Highway 48 (NH 48): Connecting New Delhi to Chennai, this highway plays a vital role in interstate transport.
- राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 9 (National Highway 9) (NH 9): Connecting Malout in Punjab to Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand, this highway also passes through New Delhi.
New Delhi District Railway
New Delhi or New Delhi District is a significant hub in the Indian railway network and serves as the headquarters of Northern Railway. The city is home to several key railway stations:
- New Delhi railway station (NDLS): The primary station in the city, with 16 platforms.
- Delhi Junction (DLI): Another major station with 16 platforms.
- Hazrat Nizamuddin (NZM): A busy station with 9 platforms.
- Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT): A station with 7 platforms.
- Delhi Sarai Rohilla (DEE): Also has 7 platforms.
New Delhi’s railway network includes the Delhi Ring Railway, a 35-kilometre (22 mi) circular network that runs parallel to the Ring Road, forming a part of Delhi’s suburban railway services.
Metro – New Delhi District
Delhi Metro is a vital rapid transit system serving Delhi and surrounding cities like Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, and Noida in the National Capital Region (NCR). It ranks as the world’s 12th largest metro system by length.
Delhi Metro revolutionised public transportation in India, offering fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable travel options. The metro system currently includes 10 colour-coded lines, spanning 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and serving 255 stations. The system has expanded beyond Delhi to cover parts of Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad and Noida) and Haryana (Faridabad and Gurgaon).
The Delhi Metro network is a mix of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, using both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM (Broad gauge), Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM (Standard gauge), and CAF Beasain (Standard gauge).
Notably, the metro system has helped remove about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi, alleviating traffic congestion.
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned entity, oversees the construction and operation of the metro. E. Sreedharan, known as the “Metro Man”, played a pivotal role in its development and is widely recognised for his contribution.
Sports
New Delhi District is known for hosting major sporting events and has a rich sports culture. The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and annually hosts events like the Delhi Half Marathon. New Delhi has also previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games.
Despite these accomplishments, New Delhi’s bids for future major sporting events faced setbacks. The city was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games, but the government rejected the bid in August 2010 due to corruption allegations related to the Commonwealth Games. Additionally, the city withdrew its bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics in March 1986, just months before the selection process.
Key sports venues in New Delhi include:
- Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
- Ambedkar Stadium
- Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium
- Arun Jaitley Stadium
- R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex
- Dhyan Chand National Stadium
- Siri Fort Sports Complex
These venues host various national and international sporting events, contributing to New Delhi’s prominence as a sports destination.
